Oxandrolone Wikipedia

Oxandrolone Wikipedia

# Oxandrolone: A Comprehensive Overview

## Contents
Oxandrolone is a synthetic anabolic steroid with various applications in both medical and non-medical contexts. This article explores its uses, side effects, and legal status.

## Oxandrolone
Oxandrolone is a prescription-only medication that belongs to the class of anabolic steroids. It is structurally similar to endogenous androgens and has been developed to mimic their effects on muscle growth and fat metabolism. First synthesized in 1962, oxandrolone is primarily used for its ability to promote lean muscle mass and treat specific medical conditions.

## Medical Uses
Oxandrolone has been approved by regulatory bodies such as the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for several medical applications. These include:
– Severe muscle wasting associated with HIV/AIDS and chronic illness.
– Chronic kidney disease-related muscle weakness.
– COPD patients with low muscle function.

Typical dosages range from 5 to 25 mg per day, administered orally, depending on the condition being treated.

## Non-Medical Uses
Despite its restricted status, oxandrolone has become popular among bodybuilders and athletes for its ability to enhance physical performance and appearance. However, this misuse is both illegal and risky, as it can lead to severe side effects and legal consequences.

## Contraindications
Oxandrolone should not be used in individuals with a history of:
– Severe liver disease or cirrhosis.
– Active heart conditions or uncontrolled hypertension.
– Psychological disorders such as schizophrenia or manic depression.

It may also interact negatively with other medications, such as warfarin and corticosteroids.

## Side Effects
Common side effects of oxandrolone include:
– Acne and skin eruptions.
– Hair loss.
– Deepening of the voice (in females).
– Mood changes or anxiety.

More serious but rare risks include liver damage, cardiovascular issues, and an increased risk of certain cancers.

## Interactions
Oxandrolone can interfere with the effectiveness of other medications. Always consult a healthcare professional before combining it with other drugs.

## Pharmacology
Oxandrolone works by binding to androgen receptors in muscle cells, stimulating protein synthesis and promoting muscle growth. It is one of several synthetic steroids derived from dihydrotestosterone (DHT), which explains its therapeutic effects.

## Pharmacodynamics
The drug’s mechanism of action involves enhancing muscle protein synthesis through the activation of the androgen receptor. This leads to increased muscle mass, strength, and fat loss. Oxandrolone’s effects are relatively rapid but have a short duration, necessitating frequent administration.

## Steroid Configuration
Oxandrolone exists in two enantiomers: (R) and (S). Only the (R)-enantiomer has therapeutic value, while the (S)-enantiomer may exhibit different pharmacological properties. However, as of now, only the (R)-form is used clinically.

## Pharmacokinetics
Oxandrolone is typically administered in an oral form, with dosing frequency depending on the intended use. The drug has a relatively short half-life, necessitating close monitoring and frequent medical supervision.

## Chemistry
The chemical structure of oxandrolone includes a 17-oxygen substitution pattern unique to this class of steroids. Its molecular formula is C20H28O2, making it a controlled substance under the jurisdiction of the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA).

## History
Oxandrolone’s discovery dates back to 1962 when scientists at Sandoz Pharmaceuticals synthesized it as a derivative of DHT. Initial uses included treating muscle wasting and promoting weight gain in cancer patients before its off-label misuse gained prominence.

## Society and Culture
The use of oxandrolone has been deeply embedded in the culture of sports doping, with athletes using it to enhance performance. This practice has led to significant legal scrutiny and stricter enforcement of anti-doping regulations. The drug’s association with misuse has also prompted a shift toward alternative therapies for muscle wasting.

## Generic Names
The primary generic name for oxandrolone is “oxandrolone,” with other names including Androl, Androxid, and OXANDROL.

## Brand Names
Common brand names include Anavar, Protanabol, and others. The availability of these brands may vary depending on the country.

## Availability
Oxandrolone is available only through a valid prescription in many countries. In the United States, it is classified as a controlled substance with strict monitoring of its distribution and use.

## Legal Status
In the U.S., oxandrolone is classified as a Schedule III controlled substance under the Controlled Substances Act. Possession without a legitimate medical purpose can result in severe penalties, including imprisonment.

## References
1. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID).
2. World Health Organization (WHO).
3. U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA).

## External Links
– NIH: Oxandrolone (https://www.nih.gov/)
– WHO: Medicines Information (https://apps.who.int/)

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This article provides a comprehensive overview of oxandrolone, covering its medical uses, risks, and legal implications. Always consult a healthcare professional before using this or any other medication.

References:

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